Timeout

• Avoid waiting forever.

function timeoutPromise(promise, ms) {
  return Promise.race([
    promise,
    new Promise((_, reject) =>
      setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Timeout")), ms)
    )
  ]);
}

Retry

• Handles temporary failures.
• If it fails, try again (a few times).
• Often combined with exponential backoff

async function retry(fn, retries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < retries; i++) {
    try {
      return await fn();
    } catch (err) {
      if (i === retries - 1) throw err;
    }
  }
}