Variables

x: int = 5
name: str = "drone"
battery: float = 100.0
active: bool = True
capabilities: list[str]
CAPABILITIES: dict[int , list[str]] # dict mapping

# union — either type
def foo(x: str | None) -> None: ...

# set of (int, int) tuples
_blocked: set[tuple[int, int]]

# callable — a function that takes Drone+int, returns Awaitable[None]
on_waypoint: Callable[[Drone, int], Awaitable[None]] | None

• The : int is a type hint
• Not enforce it at runtime
• linter, IDE can use it to catch mistakes early

Lists, Dicts, Sets

# list : ordered, allows duplicates
capabilities = ["thermal_scan", "move_to"]
capabilities.append("deliver_aid")   # add to end
capabilities[0]                      # "thermal_scan"

# dict : key → value
position = {"x": 3, "y": 2, "z": 0}
position["x"]                        # 3
position.get("w", 0)                 # 0 (default if key missing)

# set : unordered, no duplicates, fast lookup
blocked = {(3, 2), (4, 5)}
(3, 2) in blocked                    # True — O(1), much faster than list
blocked.add((7, 1))
blocked.discard((3, 2))              # remove if exists, no error if not

Function

def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b

# default parameter
def move(x: int, y: int, z: int = 0) -> None:
    ...                              
    # ... means "nothing here yet"

if / elif / else

if drone.battery <= 5.0:
    print("critical")
elif drone.battery <= 20.0:
    print("low")
else:
    print("ok")

for loops

# loop over a list
for cap in capabilities:
    print(cap)

# loop over a range
for i in range(3):        # 0, 1, 2
    print(i)

# nested — used in thermal_scan
for dy in range(-3, 4):   # -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
    for dx in range(-3, 4):
        nx, ny = drone.x + dx, drone.y + dy

try / except